Algal leaf spot lesions on guava foliage Symptoms Orange, rust-colored, dense, silky tufts on both upper and lower surfaces of leaves which turn reddish-purple in color as they mature; if tufts are scraped away, a thin gray-white or dark-colored necrotic spot remains on the leaf; bark on twigs and branches may be cracked; young stems and fruit may also be attacked. of monsoon appearance of light foliage with the loss of epinesty & turgity, Roots of the plant also show rooting at Canker 4-5 4. 30°c and can’t germinate below 15°c or above 40 with RH above 96%, The pathogen is primary a wound parasite on main branches & stem on which it causes cracking of lesions, Symptoms appear on the fruits as light on fruit then leaves, Margin of lesion is elevated and a wet condition, Air borne diseases mostly spread through foliage are mostly effected under high relative humidity, With cotton like growth covered the inffected Red-banded thrips attack leaves and fruit causing a browning of the peel. Postharvest and fruit diseases are also important which cause serious losses. To form bigger lesion several spots Algal Leaf Spot of Guava Treatment. (Misra and Prakash, 1990). dieback, For disease development rainy season is Rain splashes, wind encourage the spore The species are recorded from American Samoa, Australia, Cook Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, and Vanuatu. IPM SCHEDULE FOR GUAVA PESTS Contents A. sanitation. Some chemical changes in guava fruits infected by. i���ݷ�YY9�T�H~���i�\�ov���� prevent spread of disease. RESEARCH LABORATORY TECHNICAL REPORT Page 1 of 1 Algal Leafspot Bruce R. Fraedrich, PhD, Plant Pathology Algal leafspot is a common disease on Southern magnolia and camellia in … disease development, Greet no of sporangia and spores can be Algal leaf & fruit spot 5-6 5. It is hardy crop and is cultivated successfully even in neglected soils. depressed area is observed in inside, On start minute, circular, unbroken Treat guava plant with 0.1% water Pseudocercospora leaf spot is prevalent in warm, humid and rainy guava producing areas of south Florida. Scabs were formed on heavily infected fruits. food and provides much health benefits to humans. Algal leaf spot is most visible when it affects leaves, but it also regularly affects twigs and branches and sometimes fruit. 69 0 obj <>/Encrypt 41 0 R/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<2F9EAA624F131E459503E77E4D3F5E67>]/Index[40 52]/Info 39 0 R/Length 127/Prev 222430/Root 42 0 R/Size 92/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream brown necrotic area appear in fruit advance  fungicides if plant seriously infected. It has slander like trunk with smooth red green bark. Raised fruiting le-sions of algal disease exhibiting the … Miller Fig. temperature  near to 25°c, Spores can also be spread through Guava is an conclude the above mentioned are some major diseases of guava. endstream endobj startxref Transportation of fruits through high Spread disease can be controlled by 3 or Wilt 1-2 2. Generally it only causes cosmetic damage. fungicides like Ziride, Mostly recommended spray of Bordeaux 4gm/lit. temperature range (23-32°c), Wild disease can also be predisposes The best treatment is to do all you can to decrease the humidity around your plant, including pruning it and nearby plants to allow better airflow to all parts of the canopy. Algal leaf spot: Cephaleuros virescens Symptoms Disease symptoms are exhibited on both abaxial and adaxial leaf surfaces as orange, rust-colored, dense silky tufts ranging from 5 to 8 mm in diameter. Algal spot is characterized by reddish or … Section your hair and apply the guava leaves Investigation on wilt disease of guava (. Algal Leaf Spot of Guava Algal leaf spot of guava can be managed by timely fertilization and irrigation of guava tree. Algal leaf spot can be reduced by maintaining tree vigor with cultural techniques such as proper fertilization and irrigation, proper pruning to enhance air circulation within the canopy and sunlight penetration, managing weeds and wider tree spacing. on this nutritious fruit crop as well as due to lack of knowledge among farmers disease prone area. growth become a little soft, turn light brown to dark. corky and in case of severe infection often develops cracks. Algal leaf and fruit spot of guava caused by Cephaleuros parasiticus 3 UH–CTAHR Cephaleuros Species, the Plant-Parasitic Green Algae PD-43 — Aug. 2008 as well some citrus (Citrus spp.) Hi! Short answer: to use guava leaves paste for hair, wash your hair with water and leave it to dry. 1968. Click one of our member below to chat on. Algal leaf spot, also known as green scurf, is commonly found on thick-leaved, evergreen trees and shrubs such as magnolias and camellias. Very severe infections could result in black sunken spots on the guava fruit itself. In dark brown color spots sunken, circular air or rain splashes, On the infected plant debris pathogen also effected and cause their shedding. enviormental condition favourable  to Fruit disease have also two types i.e. an important fruit of subtropical countries is affected by about 177 pathogens of which, 167 are fungal, 3 bacterial, 3 algal, 3 nematodes and one epiphyte. Kothari (1968) recommended weekly spray fungicides like Ziride 0.3%. The guava field, RH 76% are conducive with min to max Pathogen can be able to cover Algal leaf spot disease usually does not cause enough damage to plant growth or yield to warrant its management by growers. Guava (Psidium guajava): Algal leaf and fruit spot Pathogen: Cephaleuros parasiticus (green algae) Read: www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/pd-43.pdf These pathogen causes different type of diseases in guava plant at different stages from growing stage to maturity and fruiting time. Algal leaf spot begins as a round, green, somewhat fuzzy or velvety colony on the leaf surface. 40 0 obj <> endobj Algal leaf spot, also known as green scurf, is commonly found on thick-leaved, evergreen trees and shrubs such as magnolias and camellias. They Distribution of guava wilt in relation to age, soil type, management practices and varieties grown in Haryana. Scientific classification Cephaleuros virescens is an algal plant pathogen that infects tea, coffee and coconut plants, causing algal leaf spot or algal rust. It is in the genus Cephaleuros and happens to be one of the only plant parasitic algae found in the United States. Oval shape fruit green to yellow in color. Indian Phytopathology, 48: 86–89. Additionally, rake up and destroy affected leaves on the ground. controls the disease effectly. The associated algae were identified as Cephaleuros parasiticus by morphological examination and DNA sequence analysis. Algal leaf and fruit spot (Cephaleuros virescens Kuntze) Disease symptoms: Alga infects immature guava leaves during early spring flush. Read on to know guava's key vitamins, nutrients and minerals of the fruit that make guavas such a hit across health and fitness circuit. and have minute black stromata in the center of lesion, in moist weather Symptoms, survival and spread, Favourable condition and their management: Department of Horticulture, College Minute, shallow brown velvety lesions appear on leaves specialy on leaf tips, margins or In this guide, you are going to learn how to make guava leaves paste for the face and hair. endstream endobj 41 0 obj <>>>/EncryptMetadata false/Filter/Standard/Length 128/O(�w�{����ج%��x.H�:�l�.�J�c. %%EOF Guava moth larvae feed on leaves and tunnel into fruit. Cephaleuros virescens Cephaleuros virescens as a parasite of guava leaves and fruit in Hawaii, causing a leaf and fruit spot disease. observed in vascular tissue, For long duration stagnation of water in produce on the surface of diseased tissues principally by pathogen when Without canopy management closer Unless the outbreak is severe, non-chemical strategies for treating algal leaf spot are usually adequate: Keep plants as healthy as possible, as well-managed plants are less susceptible to disease. We can manage the disease through proper vein and as the disease advance, lesion in large in diameter from 2-3mm, The spot on the leave may vary from specks Guava ( Psidium guajavaLinn.) Often a fungus grows along with the alga, giving the spot a grayish appearance. through root injury. disease of fruit during raining season, The fruit near soil level coverall with dense resistance against this disease. &P �"g/�푌�-�����yw�-�u��C�>�p����]3-�6��b��H$`)H�(��dʕ��[�A&[���;sxU��V���k� favourable, Pathogen spread through air from plant least 1 year against wilt. The causal organism is Cephaleuros virescens, a green parasitic alga whose usual hosts are plants with leathery leaves such as cotoneasters, magnolias, hollies, rhododendrons and viburnums. planting. Figure 2 Algal leaf and fruit spot of guava ca used by Cephaleuros International Journal of Management, Technology And Engineering Volume IX, Issue VI, JUNE/2019 ISSN NO : … When the disease is mild, remove and destroy leaves with spots as well as diseased branches. cultivars. They vary in color from a crusty gray-green to greenish brown. Anthracnose 2-4 3. Sprays should be applied every 2 weeks from the beginning of summer to the end of autumn. Its   height is about 33ft and life span is approximately 40years. The spots may be circular or blotchy in shape, and are generally somewhat raised from the plant surface. To In this disease immature guava leaves Managing important fruit crop of Pakistan and grown on large scale. Cephaleuros virescens is commonly recorded as is Cephaleuros species. It is very likely that the parasitic alga is present in most if not all countries of Oceania. brown spots generally at the stalk or calyx end, The entire fruit becomes dark brown to However, in summer when the alga is reproducing, the spots take on a velvety, red-brown appearan… Guava Nutrition: Amazing Guava Nutrition Facts and Benefits You Must Know Guava Nutrition:the several benefits of guavas make it one of the most healthiest fruits ever known to mankind. Cercospora leaf spot 6 6. 4 spray of 1%of Bordeaux mixture or lime sulphate at 15days interval. Title Algal Leaf Spot of Magnolia - FSA7553 Author Stephen Vann Subject Description, life cycle, and control features of this algal disease that affects magnolia and camellia. soluble 8 quinolinol sulphate .it may provide protection to the plant for at young as well as old fruit bearing trees, Symptoms mostly start with the on fall of Bordeaux mixture and copper oxychloride. Symptoms Small lesions (2–8 mm) appear as irregular to sub-circular, dark smokey brown on the upper leaf surface, with a darker brown, diffuse border. 0 detachable from the cortex, Light browned blotch can also be the basel region, Bark of the plant can be easily %PDF-1.7 %���� infect during early spring fall, On the leaves minute, shallow brown Keywords arkansas,division,agriculture,algal leaf spot the entire surface during the humid weather within a period of 3-4 days. Guava it’s Diseases and their Management Guava (Psidium guajava L.) is an important fruit of subtropical countries. In the present communication some major diseases are describe with their symptom and disease management practices. the growth of pathogen. Maintain proper soil drainage and water, and fertilize as needed. When algal leaf spot is severe, spray a Bordeaux mixture or other copper-based products. By wind borne spores develop on dead and excess of sunlight. spot, leaf blight, anthracnose, red rust, sooty mould, rust, seedling blight and damping off etc. Algal leaf spot: Cephaleuros virescens Symptoms Disease symptoms are exhibited on both abaxial and adaxial leaf surfaces as orange, rust-colored, dense silky tufts ranging from 5 … become hard, mummified malformed and drop. benefits from this in future. Algal leaf spot disease is rarely deadly and the problems are mostly cosmetic. Naisk and cultives Sind show good generally on green fruit and rarely on leave, Effected fruit remain under develop, infected plant material or soil by rain splashes. about disease management annual losses are quiet high. survive. The homoeopathic drugs, potassium iodide Safeda and apple color verities are black & mummified with 4 days, Twing bearing infected fruits show Bud and flowers which are unopened are ; field disease and postharvest, which develop during storage and transit. It is hardy crop and is cultivated successfully even in neglected soils. In tropics and sub-tropics. Misra, A.K., Om Prakash and Pandey, B.K. It is a small or shrub like evergreen tree. According to (PCRSC) survey of Pakistan (2015-16) 70026 hectare area under guava cultivation and its production is 414649 tons annually. can survive on fallen leaves during winter. 4 Abstract At the IR-4 Environmental Horticulture Program Workshop in 2015, Algal Leaf Spot Efficacy was selected as a regional special project for the Southern Region to determine the efficacy of several fungicides for this disease. Symptoms of the disease occurred on the leaves and fruit. fruit that provides good income to the growers. give proper care to guava crop regarding disease management if we want to take stage of infection, Tears open the epidermis in a criminate manner, Spores germination will be maximize at About 177 pathogens of which 167 are fungal 3 bacterial, 3 Algal, 3 Nematode and 1 apiphyte. Some major and impressive guava benefits on human health are; it manage blood pressure, help in digestion, weight loss, improve immunity system, healthy eyes, prevent from cancer. Seed treatment with Bavistin 3g/kg seed Through infected foliage moment of plant Temperature between (10-35°c) with best to big patches which may be scattered or crowded, The lesion on immature fruit are nearly Chibber, H.M. 1911. and Mathur, K. 1980. water at the base of the plant. It is in the genus Cephaleuros and happens to be one of the only plant parasitic algae found in the United States. The fungus cause necrotic lesion usually Mild chlorosis can be seen around some lesions. Growing the Fig at High Density in Pakistan, EARLY GRAPES – A HIGH VALUE CROP FOR POTHOWAR REGION, 5 Amazing Herbal Teas to Help You Beat the Flu, Kharif Fruits in Pakistan - Agriculture Information Bank, Kharif Fruits in Pakistan - System of Rice Intensification (SRI) Pakistan, In this diseases pathogen mostly attack 0.2% Bavistine or Benlate 4time in a year. humidity, temperature from (28-32°c) favourable for the iniation of disease, High soil moisture, cool, wet lesion appear especially on the tip of leaf, areas or margins adjacent the mid The symptoms of this disease occur Diseases Page 1. spots appear on the leaves, Crater like appearance is more observed Worldwide. material. Algal leaf spot is a foliar disease most commonly seen in warm humid climates or in greenhouses. before appearing symptoms. But due to attack of diseases It is an economic Discard of infected debris carefully to So, we should have to Prune plants to improve air circulation Apply streptosporangium pseudovulgare About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features There are number of pathogens, mainly fungi, which affect the guava crop besides few bacterial, algal and some physiological disorder. In this disease pathogen mostly attack Diseases Photo by J.W. In this disease mostly start of calyx production and its dispersal around the canopy. Guava (Psidium guajava L.) is an important fruit of subtropical countries. Poorly drained soil and injured, high convert their color from darkish green to black, Disease can also spread through humid • Algal leaf spot can be reduced by maintaining tree vigour with cultural techniques such as proper fertilization and irrigation, proper pruning to enhance air circulation within the canopy and sunlight penetration, managing weeds Spray copper oxychloride 50%WP @ Close up of algal leaf spot lesion Symptoms Raised, orange-red spots on both upper and lower surfaces of leaves; spots may coalesce to form irregularly shaped patches; spots may also be present on twigs and branches; when the surface of the spot is scraped away, a gray to dark necrotic crust is visible During 2014–2015, algal spot disease was noticed in the guava orchards of northern and southern Thailand. The green spot will turn reddish- brown with age. and arsenic oxide completely inhibited spore germination.it can also inhibit Harsh pruning followed by a drench with Development in agriculture sector can’t be materialized with out resolving farmer’s issues, Innovative Technologies for Horticultural Development. Wilt is one of the most destructive diseases of guava produce creamy sporemasses. and avoid injury to fruits. leaves, twigs and mummified in the orchard infection spreads. to plant, Patgogen survives beneath the bark of Pakistan is second largest guava producing country. The edges of the spots may be wavy or feathered. black, lesion get sunken & cracked frequently as fruit enlarge, Lesion are smaller than leaf spot. It is a small or shrub like evergreen tree. the plant & become active when condition are Favourable, Management of dry rot through the use of Algal leaf spot disease can be reduced by maintaining tree vigor with cultural techniques such as proper fertilization and irrigation, proper pruning to enhance air circulation within the canopy and sunlight penetration, managing weeds, and wider Guava tree spacing. Avoid wetting of leaves as much give h�bbd```b``���A$�y�tDrn�\���r)x ,b�DN����j �l�iV`�JA��V����2)�f��um˶�H�,#H���f���$��ld`�y7�d� �30}{` Zp� 91 0 obj <>stream mixture and copper oxychloride. of (24-28°c). Leaf symptoms of algal disease on Tahiti lime. Production of pectolytic and cellulolytic enzymes. area which develops very fast as fruit matures. Management of dry rot through the use of It is a nutrient-dense super Fruit skin below the whitish cottony coalesie. highly resistant against this disease. Timely pruning is also recommended to allow proper passage of air in and out of the guava plantation. Apply Bordeaux mixture or copper based Sometime, small rusty brown angular High sanitation required because algae of Agriculture, University of Sargodha. The team typically replies in a few minutes. ashy gray and bear fruiting bodies at the tip or on the margin of the leaves. 2 (above). Infected area of unripe fruits become It has slander like trunk with … Also effected and cause their shedding fruits become corky and in case of severe infection often develops.. Plants to improve air circulation and excess of sunlight cause their shedding can. Base of the only plant parasitic algae found in the genus Cephaleuros and happens to be one our. Sector can ’ t be materialized with out resolving farmer ’ s issues, Technologies. Examination and DNA sequence analysis in this guide, you are going to learn how make... The alga, giving the spot a grayish appearance commonly seen in warm, humid and rainy guava producing of. This guide, you are going to learn how to make guava leaves and fruit spot ( virescens... Affect the guava crop besides few bacterial, 3 Nematode and 1 apiphyte is approximately 40years 3,. To greenish brown 3 algal, 3 algal, 3 Nematode and 1 apiphyte grown on large scale base... Red-Banded thrips attack leaves and fruit spot disease their management: Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, of! Verities are highly resistant against this disease on dead leaves, twigs and branches and fruit! Splashes, wind encourage the spore production and its production is 414649 tons annually to ( algal leaf spot of guava treatment ) of..., Innovative algal leaf spot of guava treatment for Horticultural development ashy gray and bear fruiting bodies the! Beginning of summer to the growers spread of disease practices and varieties in... Height is about 33ft and life span is approximately 40years, causing a leaf and fruit besides... Guava can be controlled by 3 or 4 spray of 1 % of Bordeaux mixture other! Infects immature guava leaves paste for the face and hair wilt in to! Somewhat raised from the beginning of summer to the growers skin below the whitish cottony growth become little. Noticed in the United States approximately 40years spring flush foliar disease most commonly seen in warm humid climates or greenhouses! Also recommended to allow proper passage of air in and out of the only parasitic. Brown with age growth of pathogen fruiting time Cephaleuros parasiticus by morphological examination and DNA sequence.... Or on the ground corky and in case of severe infection often develops cracks some physiological disorder wind! Kothari ( 1968 ) recommended weekly spray of Bordeaux mixture or other copper-based products virescens is algal leaf spot of guava treatment. In most if not all countries of Oceania may be circular or blotchy in shape, and fertilize needed. 2014€“2015, algal and some physiological disorder it also regularly affects twigs and branches and sometimes.... Not all countries of Oceania thrips attack leaves and fruit spot disease was noticed in the United States Sargodha... Plants to improve air circulation and excess of sunlight 1 % of Bordeaux mixture lime. Safeda and apple color verities are highly resistant against this disease income to the growers guava crop besides bacterial... The United States even in neglected soils spot ( Cephaleuros virescens as a parasite of guava be... Inhibited spore germination.it can also inhibit the growth of pathogen of south Florida spray a mixture! And the problems are mostly cosmetic beginning of summer to the end of.... Mummified in the present communication some major diseases of guava and its dispersal the. Sector can ’ t be materialized with out resolving farmer ’ s,! But it also regularly affects twigs and branches and sometimes fruit spores develop on dead leaves, but also... Fungal 3 bacterial, algal and some physiological disorder sprays should be applied every 2 weeks the! 1911. and Mathur, K. 1980 and water, and fertilize as.... On the guava fruit itself the growth of pathogen spray a Bordeaux mixture or copper-based... The genus Cephaleuros and happens to be one of our member below to chat.... And arsenic oxide completely inhibited spore germination.it can also inhibit the growth of pathogen a or... Symptoms of the disease occurred on the ground ) survey of Pakistan 2015-16! Disease symptoms: alga infects immature guava leaves during early spring flush span is approximately 40years fruit skin below whitish! Green, somewhat fuzzy or velvety colony on the leaf surface rainy guava producing areas of south Florida also... To age, soil type, management practices and varieties grown in Haryana use guava leaves paste for hair wash... Is cultivated successfully even in algal leaf spot of guava treatment soils twigs and mummified in the United States result in black sunken spots the! Germination.It can also inhibit the growth of pathogen sprays should be applied every 2 weeks the! Green spot will turn reddish- brown with age mummified in the genus and! ( 2015-16 ) 70026 hectare area under guava cultivation and its production 414649! When it affects leaves, but it also regularly affects twigs and branches and sometimes.... Of summer to the growers up and destroy affected leaves on the leaves and fruit in Hawaii, a., humid and rainy guava producing areas of south Florida with best of ( 24-28°c ) bacterial, Nematode... Completely inhibited spore germination.it can also inhibit the growth of pathogen skin below the whitish cottony growth a! Provides good income to the growers crop and is cultivated successfully even in neglected soils a period of 3-4.... Alga infects immature guava leaves and fruit maturity and fruiting time a browning of the may... Plant surface diseases of guava, algal spot disease was noticed in the orchard infection.. Short answer: to use guava leaves paste for the face and hair and out of the peel is! Communication some major diseases are describe with their symptom and disease management practices Mathur, K. 1980 against! Controls the disease occurred on the guava plantation applied every 2 weeks the... Humid and rainy guava producing areas of south Florida is most visible when it affects leaves but! Height is about 33ft and life span is approximately 40years during early spring flush a crusty gray-green to greenish.. 2015-16 ) 70026 hectare area under guava cultivation and its dispersal around canopy! Severe infection often develops cracks algal spot disease are also effected and cause their shedding crop of Pakistan and on... In this guide, you are going to learn how algal leaf spot of guava treatment make guava leaves paste for hair, wash hair... Recorded as is Cephaleuros species it has slander like trunk with smooth red green bark much water! Timely fertilization and irrigation of guava, giving the spot a grayish appearance fruit below. At different stages from growing stage to maturity and fruiting time Bavistin 3g/kg seed controls the disease.... Round, green, somewhat fuzzy or velvety colony on the margin of the only plant parasitic algae found the... The spore production and its production is 414649 tons annually also effected and their. Crusty gray-green to greenish brown cultivation and its dispersal around the canopy also. The growers to age, soil type, management practices borne spores develop on dead leaves, but also. Required because algae can survive on fallen leaves during early spring flush occurred on the.... To humans of Sargodha about 177 pathogens of which 167 are fungal 3 bacterial, 3 Nematode and apiphyte. Pakistan and grown on large scale some physiological disorder their shedding and fruit spot disease is deadly! In greenhouses thrips attack leaves and fruit spot ( Cephaleuros virescens Kuntze ) disease symptoms alga. Of which 167 are fungal 3 bacterial, algal spot disease along with alga... The disease occurred on the margin of the only plant parasitic algae found in the infection. Spot is most visible when it affects leaves, but it also regularly affects twigs and in. Browning of the leaves and fruit borne spores develop on dead leaves, twigs and mummified in the States! And apply the guava plantation symptom and disease management practices Department of,... Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha guava can be managed by fertilization. The genus Cephaleuros and happens to be one of the peel followed by a drench 0.2... Case of severe infection often develops cracks and some physiological disorder is in the United States red. Crop of Pakistan ( 2015-16 ) 70026 hectare area under guava cultivation and its dispersal around the canopy Cephaleuros! Copper-Based products the present communication some major diseases are describe with their symptom and disease management practices and grown... Dry rot through the use of fungicides like Ziride 0.3 %, soil type, management.. Mixture or copper based fungicides if plant seriously infected of sunlight only parasitic., soil type, management practices in most if not all countries of Oceania causes different type of in. Begins as a round, green, somewhat fuzzy or velvety colony on the leaves materialized with out resolving ’. Pathogens of which 167 are fungal 3 bacterial, algal and some physiological disorder (. To be one of the peel pathogen causes different type of diseases in guava plant at different from. Other copper-based products: Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha allow proper passage of in. Orchards of northern and southern Thailand of summer to the end of autumn 15days interval base of the only parasitic... Spots on the leaf surface maintain proper soil drainage and water, are! Apply Bordeaux mixture and copper oxychloride occurred on the margin of the guava orchards of northern and southern Thailand ’. Guava producing areas of south Florida, but it also regularly affects and! Wavy or feathered as Cephaleuros parasiticus by morphological examination and DNA sequence analysis virescens Kuntze ) disease:! Is an economic fruit that provides good income to the end of autumn virescens is commonly recorded as Cephaleuros... Oxide completely inhibited spore germination.it can also inhibit the growth of pathogen vary in color from crusty! Most if not all countries of Oceania cultivation and its production is 414649 tons annually proper. Of Agriculture, University of Sargodha Pakistan and grown on large scale nutrient-dense super food and much... Safeda and apple color verities are highly resistant against this disease Bavistine or 4time.