Find the Z-score that corresponds to each life span. Susceptibility of California fruits and vegetables to attack by the Oriental fruit fly (. Some fruit, such as banana and avocado may be picked in a mature green condition, before fruit fly can lay its eggs in the fruit. In Hawaii, larvae were found in more than 125 kinds of hosts. Four major oriental fruit fly infestations in California were eradicated between 1960 and 1997. The peak abundance of the oriental fruit fly took place from June in Jinghong to October in Yiaoan, along the altitude graduates from the south to the north. Drawing by Division of Plant Industry. Host and geographic distribution: Knowing the locality, host or lure a fruit fly was collected from can provide invaluable information towards making a diagnosis, but must also be used with caution to avoid falsely identifying a specimen as pest or Host range: Queensland fruit fly infests both indigenous and introduced fruits. Unlimited viewing of the article/chapter PDF and any associated supplements and figures. All Japanese territories were declared free of the oriental fruit fly in 1985, after an 18-year program of eradication combining insecticide-impregnated fiberblocks or cotton containing the powerful male attractant methyl-eugenol, and the sterile insect (sterile male) technique. Figure 12. The color of the fly is very variable, but there are prominant yellow and dark brown to black markings on the thorax. Mexican fruit fly is one of the world's most destructive invasive pests, attacking more than 40 different kinds of fruits and vegetables. The oriental fruit fly has been recorded from 478 kinds of fruit and vegetables (USDA 2016), including: apricot, avocado, banana, citrus, coffee, fig, guava, loquat, mango, roseapple, papaya, passion fruit, peach, pear, persimmon, pineapple, surinam cherry and tomato. Caudal end of larva. A Review of Recorded Host Plants of Oriental Fruit Fly, Vargas RI, Leblanc L, Putoa R, Eitam A. There are traps which can be used to detect the presence of fruit fly. Effect of ripeness and location of papaya fruits on the parasitization rates of Oriental fruit fly and melon fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) by braconid (Hymenoptera) parasitoids. Pruitt JH. Distribution: Queensland fruit fly is a native pest occurring throughout eastern Australia. When the fruit fly exclusion zone was withdrawn in Victoria and New South Wales in 2013, B. tryoni became endemic once again in this area and the national distribution of B. tryoni changed. Working off-campus? What Are The Median And The First And Third Quartiles Of Thorax Length? Wing band color is pale yellow in A. ludens and dark brown in A. The only band of spinules encircling the body is found on the first segment. Anterior spiracle of larva. It is native to large parts of tropical Asia, has become established over much of sub-Saharan Africa, and is often intercepted in the United States, sometimes triggering eradication programs. USDA. Ovipositor of the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel). Under optimum conditions, a female can lay more than 3,000 eggs during her lifetime, but under field conditions from 1,200 to 1,500 eggs per female is considered to be the usual production. ; Distribution Life Spans of Fruit Flies The life spans of a species of fruit fly have a bell-shaped distribution, with a mean of 33 days and a standard deviation of 4 days. About nine days are required for attainment of sexual maturity after the adult fly emerges. 69 pp. Adult: The common fruit fly is normally a yellow brown (tan) color, and is only about 3 mm in length and 2 mm in width (Manning 1999, Patterson, et al 1943). Figure 14. 1953. This has occurred in 10 of the previous 17 years, and twice resulted in eradication programs: in Tampa in 2004 and in Miami-Dade County in 2015-2016.Â. The full text of this article hosted at iucr.org is unavailable due to technical difficulties. Wong TTY, McInnis DO, Nishimoto JI. The ovipositor is very slender and sharply pointed. Several biotic factors limit the production and productivity of cucurbits, of which the cucurbit fruit fly, Bactrocera cu-curbitae (Coquillett) (Diptera: Tephritidae), has been the most prominent pest. Photograph by Okinawa Prefectural Fruit Fly Eradication Project Office. II. San Salvador: Org. Steiner trap used to monitor and control the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel). The Mediterranean fruit fly (medfly), Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), is a key pest of fruit crops in many tropical, subtropical and mild temperate areas worldwide. Berg GH. To the south of Guannan, Yuanjiang and Rulin is the annual distribution zone. 2005). The Mediterranean fruit fly (Medfly) is one of the world's most economically damaging pests. If you have previously obtained access with your personal account, please log in. While not established in Florida, oriental fruit fly and relatives, such as Bactrocera correcta, are regularly trapped in this state. Larvae of the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel). 2015). The trap experiments located in 12 counties of Yunnan indicated that, the geographical distribution of Oriental fruit fly there could be plotted as three distribution zones. Photograph by Okinawa Prefectural Fruit Fly Eradication Project Office. The tropical fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae) of the Australasian and Oceanian region. 2004). The Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata(Wiedemann), is one of the world's most destructive fruit pests. Other synonyms include Bactrocera invadens Drew, Tsuruta & White, Bactrocera papayae Drew & Hancock, and Bactrocera philippinensis Drew & Hancock (Schutze et al. Once there, the oriental fruit fly soon became a more injurious species than the Mediterranean fruit fly or the melon fly. However, avocado, mango and papaya are the most commonly attacked. 1979. The European cherry fruit fly (Rhagoletis cerasi L.) is the most serious pest of cherries. Cephalo-pharyngeal skeleton with large convex, sharply pointed mouth hook each side, each hook about 2X hypostome length; hypostomium with prominent, semi-rounded subyhypostomium; post-hypostomial plates curved gradually to dorsal bridge, fused with sclerotized rays of central area of dorsal wing plate but with a semi-articulated area between; parastomium prominent; dorsal wing plate with posterior ray split; dorsal bridge anterior with a sclerotized point; pharyngeal plate about 25% longer than dorsal wing plate, with median area below dorsal bridge relatively unsclerotized, and a prominent hood. Figure 15. Distribution data from areas outside Africa were obtained Photograph by Okinawa Prefectural Fruit Fly Eradication Project Office. For export markets, B. tryoni is now deemed endemic to all eastern Australian states, except for the Greater Sunraysia Pest-Free Area. 1. Egg: The white, elongate and elliptical egg measures about 1.17 x 0.21 mm and has a chorion without sculpturing. Coverage area simply refers to the square footage of space covered by a fruit fly fogger. *The project supported by Natural Science Foundation of Yunnan. Oriental Fruit Fly Information. Offices with kitchens and warehouses that ship produce are also likely to have fruit fly infestations. A quarantine was established and an eradication program begun (CDFA 2010). Figure 8. Armitage HM. Goergen G, Vayssières J-F, Gnanvossou D, Tindo M. 2011. This makes the pests difficult to control. The species originated in sub-Saharan Africa and is not known to be established in the continental United States. Caudal end with paired dorsal papillules (D1 and D2) diagonally dorsad to each spiracular plate; intermediate papillules (I1-2) as widely-separated pair on a large raised and curved elevation diagonally ventrad of each spiracular plate, with a remote I3 at about 45° from the I1-2 elevation; L1 on the median edge of the caudal end; a pair of ventral papillules (V1-2) approximately ventrad of I2 near the latero-ventral edge of the caudal end (V2 indistinct); posterior spiracles as three elongated (ca. These are mostly used for exterminating fruit flies within confined spaces. The external part of the anterior respiratory organs, the spiracles, located one on each side of the pointed or head end of the larva, has an exaggerated and deflexed lobe at each side and bears many small tubercles. Foote RH, Blanc FL. Insects Micronesia (Honolulu) 14: 1-28. Distribution: This pest overlaps with oriental fruit fly and peach fruit fly in large areas of south and southeast Asia. When it has been detected in Florida, California, and Texas, especially in recent years, each infestation necessitated intensive and massive eradication and detection procedures so that the pest did not become established. 2011), Pacific Islands: Mariana Islands, Tahiti, Hawaii. Larva white; typical fruit fly shape (cylindrical-maggot shape, elongate, anterior end narrowed and curved ventrally, with anterior mouth hooks, ventral fusiform areas and flattened caudal end); last instar larvae of average size for family, 7 to 11 mm in length; venter with fusiform areas on segments 4 to 11; anterior buccal carinae relatively short and slender, usually nine to 10 in number; anterior spiracles nearly straight on distal edge, with tubules averaging nine to 11 in number, somewhat globose in appearance. Enter your email address below and we will send you your username, If the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to retrieve your username, I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of Use, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7917.2001.tb00483.x. Sanidad. Maggots feed inside the fruits, but at times also f… the fruit fly database held at the Royal Museum for Central Africa, Mguni ( 2013 ) and Manrakhan et al . Determine whether any of these life spans are unusual. The mature larva emerges from the fruit, drops to the ground, and forms a tan to dark brown puparium. 1983. Figure 13. Photograph by Scott Bauer, USDA. Host plant records for fruit flies in tHe pacific islands 11 Host Plant Records for Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacini) in the Pacific Islands Luc Leblanc1, Ema Tora Vueti2, Richard A. I. Drew3*, and Allan J. Allwood4 1University of Hawaii, Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, 3050 Maile Way, Room 310, Honolulu, Hawaii, 26822–2271. Adults of the wasp Biosteres arisanus, a parasitoid of the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel). Internac. Memoirs of the American Entomological Society 12: 1-161. Drawing by Division of Plant Industry. Proceedings of the Entomology Society of Washington 51: 181-205. In July 2010, fruit flies were discovered in traps in Sacramento and Placer counties. Injury to fruit, as with other members of this genus of fruit flies, occurs through oviposition punctures and subsequent larval development. Photograph by Okinawa Prefectural Fruit Fly Eradication Project Office. 20: 395-428. In this study, the diversity and distribution of fruit fly parasitoids and their reservoir plants along a latitudinal gradient in three zones of mango production in Senegal were reported. (a) The life spans of three randomly selected fruit flies are 33 days, 29 days, and 42 days. The fly attacks ripening fruit, causing it to rot and fall off the tree. The posterior spiracles are located in the dorsal third of the segment as viewed from the rear of the larva. 36 pp. USDA-APHIS, in cooperation with threatened states, has established action plans that go into effect when fruit flies are trapped and reported (USDA 2008). The oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), is a major pest throughout South East Asia and in a number of Pacific Islands. 1989. In Florida, the FDACS-Division of Plant Industry will cooperate with USDA-APHIS in regulating the actions of both commercial entities and homeowners. The adult flies congregate on foliage and fruit to feed on bacterial colonies and later to mate. 1969. Exotic fruit flies, including the Oriental fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis), carambola fruit fly (B. caramboloe) and Mexican fruit fly (Anastrepha ludens) are highly invasive species that threaten Australia’s fruit production as well as our ability to export to other countries. These markings may form a T-shaped pattern, but the pattern varies considerably. If you do not receive an email within 10 minutes, your email address may not be registered, Elsewhere in the USA, there are chronic detections in California and Florida that often trigger eradication programs. Other species in the genus Anastrepha including the Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens.. Mexican fruit fly, A. ludens has a much longer ovipositor (3.35 - 4.7 mm long in A. ludens). Fruit flies will move in anywhere that there is an easy food source. The region between the above two zones was the seasonal distribution zone for the insect. Countries with established infestations include (CABI 1994, Vargas et al. Head and buccal carinae of larva. In elevation, the Oriental fruit fly was trapped at altitude of 500–2300 m above sea level, in which high trap catches appeared between 500–1000 m. It is proposed that the variations of the fruit fly distribution in altitude and latitude are principally correlated with local temperatures and host plants. The factory is currently producing 2 million sterile fruit flies a week, with production ramping up in the coming weeks and expected to reach 50 million a week by 2019. Hardy DE. Distribution. South Brisbane, Australia. On the other hand are fruit fly foggers designed for application in … Unlimited viewing of the article PDF and any associated supplements and figures. The oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), is a very destructive pest of fruit in areas where it occurs. The trap experiments located in 12 counties of Yunnan indicated that, the geographical distribution of Oriental fruit fly there could be plotted as three distribution zones. Environmental Entomology 20: 1732-1736. Photograph by Scott Bauer, USDA. The extent of yield-loss caused by the pest to cucurbita-ceous vegetables ranges from 30–100%, depending upon cucurbit species and the sea-son (Dhillon et al. As a result of their widespread distribution, pest status, invasive ability and potential impact on market access, B. dorsalis and many other fruit fly species are considered major threats to many countries. The fruit fly occurred only during May to December in this area, and completed 2–3 generations in this period. Adult female oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), laying eggs by inserting her ovipositor in a papaya. Due to confusion with other species, some country records have been based on misidentifications. Photograph by Okinawa Prefectural Fruit Fly Eradication Project Office. The caudal segment is very smooth. Fruit flies also may breed and develop in drains, garbage disposals, trash cans, and mop buckets. Agropec. In an investigation of fruit-fly behavior, a covered choice chamber is used to test whether the spatial distribution of flies is affected by the presence of a substance placed at one end of the chamber. Drew RAI. Oecologia (Berlin) 60: 279-284. Diptera: Tephritidae. Figure 2. Once they begin reproducing indoors, females are able to lay about 500 eggs and the eggs will hatch in as little as 24-30 hours after being deposited by the female. Drawing by Division of Plant Industry. Drew RAI, Courtice AC, Teakle DS. Photograph by Okinawa Prefectural Fruit Fly Eradication Project Office. 1953. Preferred for oviposition, but immature ones may also be attacked of in. Of Ecology and Geobotany, Yunnan university, Kunming, 650091, China the is! 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