The traditional uses for kenaf have been rope, twine and coarse cloth as well as for fuel and nutrition. Following retting, a sequence of processes to remove the fibres from the woody stalks is carried out first by breaking them and then scraping or scutching them off which is done by beating with blunt wooden or metal blades either by hand or mechanically. For more information on linen, go into the Linen-Bast category. Linen absorbs dye well, especially natural dyes and does not require chemical treatments. It is high in both tensile and ductile strength. Hemp is the generic name for the entire cannabis family of plants. Even when these are used flax requires only one fifth of the pesticides and artificial fertilisers that is required for commercially grown cotton. Hemp is cultivated all over the world and was such an important crop that in the 19th century over 80% of the world’s fabric was made of hemp. Hemp is non-toxic in use, renewable and non-polluting during its life cycle; it needs little if any pesticides, resisting decay and infestation naturally. It also sustains many varieties of invertebrate species. Natural flax colours range from shades of ivory, tan and grey. After hackling, washing and drying (in the shade) the fibres are loosened manually and cleaned. These include linseed oil for linoleum, soap, fuel and cattle feed. This restriction has hampered its use as a modern commercially viable raw material. Bamboo also contains a substance called bamboo-kun, an antimicrobial agent that gives the plant a natural resistance to pest and fungi infestation. In tanks with warm water, the time is reduced to a few days. Microbes are used in retting to obtain bast fibres. Other properties include antistatic and low thermal conduction as well as offering a high level of UV protection. Sustainable land use practices that provide both economic and environmental advantages and are of global importance as the world’s six billion people compete for water, food, fibre and shelter, the high yield per hectare of bamboo becomes a very significant advantage. The beneficial uses of bacteria include the production of traditional foods such as yogurt, cheese, and vinegar. It can be sun bleached to avoid the use of artificial agents. NAT expects the partnership will open avenues for the fiber's use in underexplored clothing markets such as couture fashion, sports performance and extreme weather gear. The bamboo species used for clothing is called Moso or phyllostachys bamboo. In Canada the export of hemp seeds has increased by over 300% over the last two years. The production of hemp in Western countries is growing steadily to meet the growing interest in sustainable textiles. For more information on linen, go into the, Ramie is a flowering plant of the nettle family, Other important producers of hemp include: China, North Korea, Romania and Hungary. Kenaf fibers are shorter and coarser than those of jute. Hemp fibre can also be ‘cottonised’ by a process similar to that used for flax, it is however not easy to spin but does make for a very good blend when used together with cotton in a 50-50 ratio. The future may see nettles as a crop that can transform lives for those growing textile crops in the developing world. This is the most important bamboo type in China, where it covers about 3 million hectares. Due to its ease of cultivation, potential environmental benefits and extraordinary growth rate it is a cheap, sustainable and efficient crop. In the mechanical process the woody stems are crushed and natural enzymes break down the stems so that the fibres can be combed out and spun, using similar methods to the production of flax. It requires far less use of pesticides and artificial fertilizers. The quality of the final linen yarn and fabric is dependent upon the growing conditions, harvesting methods and whether it is a short fibre known as tow or the more desirable long line fibre. In 2004 a DEFRA funded project ‘Sustainable Technology in Nettle Growing’ (STING) at Leicester's De Montfort University has succeeded in extracting a silky thread that is stronger and finer than that of other plants such as hemp. This makes bamboo more able to handle harsh weather conditions such as drought, flood and high temperatures. The most important region for jute is Bengal in the Ganges delta where it has an important place in local culture. Plantation-grown kenaf is capable of growing from seedlings to 5 m at maturity in five months. Coir is the fibrous material found between the hard, internal shell and the outer coat of a coconut. In addition it controls topsoil erosion and produces great amounts of oxygen. Nettle fibres are white, smooth, and up to 50mm (2”) long, and can produce a finer and silkier fabric than flax. Retting with bacterial inoculum for 5–6 days led to major changes Starting from the second day of retting, the fibre samples in the ultimate fibres: the fibrous wall texture became from the tanks inoculated with the two selected bacterial more prominent, suggesting a loss of matrix components strains clearly showed better properties than the corre- (Fig. Field retting is an industrial process for extracting valuable bast fibres from hemp. The fibres are produced from the bark or stalks of the plant which is harvested on average two to three times each year, although under some growing conditions may be harvested up to six times in a year. • The microorganisms, mostly bacteria from retting water enter the plant tissues through the stomata, epidermis and cambium or the cut end, when immersed in retting tank, and through their enzymatic action loosens the fibre strands from the woody core. plant fibres like … There are two ways of retting flax, water retting and dew retting. 1) Meaning of retting = Retting is a process employing the action of micro-organisms and moisture on plants to dissolve or rot away much of the cellular tissues and pectins surrounding bast-fibre bundles, and so facilitating separation of the fibre from the stem. Conversely Cannabis sativa L. subsp. The principal consumers of Ramie fibre are Japan, France, Germany and the United Kingdom. This work is licensed under a Creative Common License. The fibers are loosened in a few hours, but close control is required to prevent deterioration and damage to the fibres. Retting is facilitated by anaerobic butyric acid bacteria such as Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium tetani and Clostridium perfringens. Fibre retting Bacterial populations, especially that of Clostridium butyclicum, are used to separate fibres of jute, hemp, flax, etc, the plants are immersed in water and when they swell, inoculated with bacteria which hydrolyze pectic substance of the cell walls and separate the fibres.These separated fibres are used to make ropes and sacks. Hackling is a combing process used to separate the long fibres from the short fibres and to remove the remaining woody material. Fig. It is grown in Ireland and Northern Europe; from Southern Normandy, France to Belgium and the Netherlands, which together produce 85% of the world’s flax. The fibre was not damaged by mechanical hackling, thanks to the good retting level obtained by the addition of selected strains, differently to what happened with the traditionally retted fibre. Not all bacteria isolated fromretted jute are responsible for theprocess, as for instance, seven species of aerobic bacteria were isolated fromretted jute but only oneof them, B. poly- … Field retting is an industrial process for extracting valuable bast fibres from hemp. This requires 10-12 months of anaerobic (bacterial) fermentation. Swiss company Litrax is, however involved in the development of sustainable manufacturing of bamboo fibre. White or pure white is only achieved through various bleaching processes. The bast fibres are stuck together with a ‘glue’ formed of pectins and lignins. Up to the mid 1980s the old Soviet Union was the largest producer, much of it being cultivated in the Ukraine and the parts of Russia close to Poland. The two principal plant varieties are: Cannabis sativa L. subsp. Tossa jute is also grown as a staple food and is now grown in India. These closely related bast fibers are derived from Hibiscus cannabinus and H. sabdariffa (mallow family, Malvaceae), respectively. About 40 million hectares of the earth is covered with bamboo, mostly in Asia. 2. Hemp is an ecologically and sustainably important plant, running in tandem with ‘green future’ objectives and is often referred to as the World’s most useful plant. It is an ideal candidate for sustainable ecological cultivation, as it only requires the minimum use of pesticides and fertilizers. Research is already under way to develop the use of nettles for textiles. They are also cultivating nettles in both the Czech Republic and Lithuania. The water, penetrating to the central stalk portion, swells the inner cells, bursting the outermost layer, thus increasing absorption of both moisture and decay-producing bacteria. Other articles where Water retting is discussed: retting: In water retting, the most widely practiced method, bundles of stalks are submerged in water. Jute is a long, soft, shiny vegetable fibre that can be spun into strong threads. When you ret flax, mould, warmth and humidity dissolve this ‘glue’ and loosen the fibre. A short history of retting methods, which is the separation of bast fiber from nonfiber components, is presented with emphasis on water retting, field retting (dew retting), and experimental methods. The penetration of water into the stems causes the detachment of the bast fibres, thus allowing the entry of retting bacteria, which demolish the fibre‐binding pectins (Donaghy et al. The finest qualities of hemp for fabric are now produced in Italy. Achieved through various bleaching processes for either paper or cloth uses called CRAILAR� Organic fibres in Bangladesh some., twine and coarse cloth as well as the health food and cosmetics industries nettles for.. 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