1 of 6 Go to page. Gamers Nexus just did a video on this topic less than a month ago. I used GTA V for testing because it consistently was able pin both the 3950X and my 1080Ti at full power. Overclocking the Ryzen 9 3900X proved difficult because its heat output is so high. In order to ensure the processor doesn't overheat with heavy multi-threaded loads, we used the same CPU voltage as in our original 3900X review: 1.225 V. While that is quite low, it's the best we can do with the 240 mm AIO. It just puts out too much heat when auto-oc'd. A processor of this stature requires a good graphics card as well, and that is where … Re: Heat issue with 3900X The location and direction of the fans are important if the graphics card is blowing hot air into the case and the case cover completely covers the side surface. I did not fiddle with voltages. The NZXT H1 is a compact case that allows you to pack it full of powerful components, including an AMD Ryzen 9 3900X and RTX 2060 Super. Squished out. Reply. Use Precision Boost Overdrive to reduce the limit the power instead of extend it. That said, hotspot temps, are not the same as thermal output (BTUs, etc), and may not heat up the room as much as some might believe, solely based on what CPU temps are reporting. Thread starter azngreentea01; Start date Jul 12, 2019; 1; 2; 3 … Go to page. SKUs with 8C CCDs (3700X, 3800X and 3950X) the best case is around 4.15GHz. Joined Feb 17, 2015 Messages 117 (0.05/day) … For the CPU, I am using a Heatkiller IV Pro, and my concern here is that the cooler is not mounted with enough pressure because there is a tall plastic washer between the mounting screw and the motherboard. Prime95 with Small FFTs almost instantly overheats. The trick is 90degree rotation: by default all AIO / water blocks split the flow (verticallly, since they are expecting center die) so technically your using half the flow / surface for cooling the cores, 90 Degree rotation would direct 100% of flow/ usage of the entire cold plate. Maybe there isn't enough airflow? Based on my experience, the best case of scenario on 6C CCDs (3600, 3600X and 3900X) is around 4.25GHz, at relatively safe voltage levels. Maybe even with less. Hardware. I used a five-point box paste application, and it seems to be getting good temps. I also have a waterblock on my RTX 2080 ti which does not exceed 40C under a max 370W load. Factor in the GPU’s power consumption and heat output, and it’s a good stress test. The default value 142 95 140 are bad it sends too much voltage but core clock cannot boost higher becuase its limit by cpu temperature itself so you got more voltage for no reason and running hot. Radiator fans use the hot air in the case as a source. It’s meant to be paired with a standard, factory-set Ryzen 9 3900X. In addition, OP installed the radiator pump with its down. Stressing CPU, FPU and Cache in AIDA64 quickly gets the CPU to 90C at which point I stop stressing it as overheating is inevitable. Tonnes of heat issue with 3900X n Crosshair VIII. Please check out our forum guidelines for info related to our community. How to fix 3900X running too hot (For precision boost not for manual OC) Discussion . All the valve and fixture units kept completely out of sight. Yes its called lowering your voltage and clock speed, if your not comfortable with those temps that is the only thing you can do if you want some cooler temps. I've searched the thach specs and all I could find is heat dissipation for Cisco 2948G but I need it for 2900, 2911, 2951. The case seems to be a little warm by the power supply area. Efficiency isn’t as important on desktop chips as it with mobile, as there’s no battery life to be concerned with. This is because stock coolers can’t really handle the unlocked versions of these processors’ heat output. I applied a fair bit of thermal paste and spread it across the entire surface of the IHS before mounting. Closed-loop liquid cooling solutions (CLCs) provide far cooler temperatures than air coolers with minimal hassle and easy installation. Just never got around to addressing it until now. Going above what the processor will boost to will require more sufficient aftermarket air or liquid cooling. SKUs with 8C CCDs (3700X, 3800X and 3950X) the best case is around 4.15GHz. Overclocking the Ryzen 9 3900X proved difficult because its heat output is so high. It will even clear the tiny 7.3 litre Dan A4. Just build a new rig. Not sure if that equates … Though I'm using an AIO, so my results aren't directly comparable. Power Usage. I would recommend your other cooler for sure if you can find the AM4 mount kit for it. In fact, more important than the temperature gain, it can make the system work so quieter. There seems to be a problem with the heat transfer to the block. With more cores and threads than its chief like-priced Intel competitor, AMD's Ryzen 9 3900X is an excellent 12-core beast of a CPU to power a high-end gaming rig or a multimedia editing station. ". It sat at 4.3 all day long without ever moving. Play Gears 5 and 100+ Other PC Games with Xbox Game Pass* Buy select AMD Radeon™ graphics or Ryzen™ processors and get 3 months of PC Games with Xbox Game Pass. viessmann.com Mit den neuen Vitocal 300-G steht ein modulares, zweistufiges Wärmepumpen-System zur Verfügung, das individuell bis zu ein er Leistung vo n 35,2 kW an de n Wärmebedarf a ngepasst werden kann. BAWA-VM SPA. Maybe there's something between CPU IHS and the cooling block preventing heat transfer? But, with a compatible motherboard, it can hit … Intel’s TDP rating can only equal power draw if power limit PL1 is applied – Image: ExtremeTech . (plus my previous SSD and an EVGA GTX 1060 3GB) Overall I'm very happy with the performance results. If the motherboard has a fan-stop feature, OP can only keep the fans running at heavy load. But to be honest these temperatures do seem to be rather high. Hello Jakob, any updates with regard to the CPU blocks? So the OP can have the fans on the inside, but if he does they must be configured as pull. Just … The Ryzen 9 3900x is the perfect and high-performance processor with 12 cores and 24 threads. All the valve and fixture units kept completely out of sight. the extra <10% clockspeed and +-5% ipc in games isn't really worth the gaping hardware-level security holes every few months, or the 33% less cores, or the higher power consumption and higher heat output, or any of the other Intel bulls***. Most power conditioning equipment are on the order of 66% to 85% … If OP disconnects the fans connected on the top of the case and connects them to the back of the radiator, that is, if it uses the radiator with 4 fans, it partially prevents the processor from blowing hot air into the case, and may provide temperature gain up to 10 degrees. I am still not sure if my 3700X temperatures are fine or not, with my Heatkiller IV. It will slightly reduce the effect of gravity this way. In case of 3900X, given that you can cool the chip with two of those 6C CCDs. We also consider this when advising our … An unsuspecting buyer might be inclined to buy a smaller PSU or a weaker CPU cooler if the consideration is based on … AMD Ryzen 9 3900X stands out to us due to its multi-core performance and 64MB of L3 Cache. When we list a stoves heat output, it is typically the nominal heat output which is what the stove has been rated at with its associated efficiency rating. So the chip gets only 1.37V instead of the ridiculous 1.47V in single thread loads, but it still boosts up to 1.2V in 24 thread loads. I am betting it is an old unit and as such, age will certainly degrade it's performance over time. This is really clean behavior and makes me think PBO really is the way to go. I'm looking for some guidance, and hopefully this is the right place. The Ryzen 9 3900X is the first Ryzen processor from AMD to include 12 cores, up from the eight cores of the Ryzen 7 2700X from 2018. Considering the 3900X is rated at that same wattage and is built on a more efficient, 7nm process, we would expect it to have a lower power draw and thermal output than the 9900K too. However, this gain cannot go up 4-5 degrees. Trying out NFS Heat performance on my Ryzen 3900x/2080 Ti, video is 1st two races in the game. This is a reduction in the heat output by over 60%. Right now it's currently at 4.2GHz at 1.4v (i left everything default) idling at 50c. Even with a 240 mm all-in-one water cooler, we couldn't even get close to what it can do. 5Kw heat output at 80% efficiency. The core count of this new Ryzen 9 chip is reminiscent of AMD’s Threadripper.The Ryzen 9 3900X’s $499 price tag isn’t inexpensive. • high heating output • low depth • wide range of colours • central connection • optional towel holder. Best Graphics Cards (GPUs) for AMD Ryzen 9 3900X. /r/AMD is community run and does not represent AMD in any capacity unless specified. Because when the PSU generates power close to its capacity, it becomes very hot and may cause the system to heat up a little. How changing the case fans helped calming the temps more: https://youtu.be/fFuqA_q20rUHere I did a variety of tests on the Ryzen 3900X build. Value is traditionally AMD’s strength, but the Ryzen 9 3900X is not a… B450 offers wireless connectivity through Bluetooth … I'm concerned with my 3900X that i got about 4 months ago. idle is about 30-35C, "Is it possible to tame the heat of the 3900X? Press J to jump to the feed. The MSI B450 Gaming Pro Carbon AC is a good motherboard for the 3900x that offers better Vreg competition, overclock with heat sinks, and RGB lighting. Keeping your components cool is a concern for any builder as it impacts performance and longevity of many of the parts of a PC. I don't know what the jet plate looks like and I'm not gonna disassemble the block (and have to drain my loop) if I can avoid it. Specs as follow: AMD 3900X Asus Crosshair VIII Formula G.skill 32GB Trident Z Neo 3600 CL16 Zotac 1080Ti FE Samsung 960 M.2 Nvme Corsair HX1000i Lian Li PC-011 Custom loop = 10mm ID hardline, 3 x 360mm slim rads, D5, … i.e. By clicking OK, you consent to the use of cookies. Shop Now. Here's a killer gaming build. It offers outstanding performance for workstations and high-end gaming results with Base Clock (3.8GHz) and Boosts Clock up to (4.6GHz). The overclocking capabilitiesEssentially, if we're talking about the higher-end SKUs, there is basically none.Based on my experience, the best case of scenario on 6C CCDs (3600, 3600X and 3900X) is around 4.25GHz, at relatively safe voltage levels.In case of 3900X, given that you can cool the chip with two of those 6C CCDs. I also have a 3900x, which stock scores around 7k in r20, or a hair under. BAWA-VM SPA. Also if you want, you can share a picture of the inside of your PC case. It's not the pump location per say, it's where the top of the loop is located. As for the temps, it's not terrible to be idling at 50 and hitting 70 while gaming... we would need to know more about your temperature conditions (ambient room temp, the airflow in your case, how big is the case, etc.) I guess that wasn't quite enough voltage for some of the cores. Ryzen 9 3900x Voltage and Temperature. When calculating the amount of cooling (air conditioning) required in a room, you should take into account that the room should always be maintained at an ambient temperature of … We are currently running tests with several Ryzen 3000 CPUs, as well, to see their overall performance with our blocks. Go. The Ryzen 9 3900X is the penultimate 3rd gen Ryzen CPU from AMD and if you are going to upgrade your PC by using the Ryzen 9 3900x processor, there is a huge selection of motherboard that will increase the high performance of the processor. Heat output is measured in British Thermal Units (BTUs) - 1kw/hr = 3412 BTU/h or 1000 BTU/h is around 293W. The radiator pump should be on top. High core counts have been the name of the game at AMD for years now, and it’s not relenting. For PC on the PC, a GameFAQs message board topic titled "9900k or 3900x?" This best motherboard for Ryzen 9 3900x comes equipped with high speed WiFi and Bluetooth, it is built for high powered gaming and enhances the immersive nature of the experience. When I first got my 3900x I set it to 4.3 all core in the BIOS, I tired 4.4 but it would not boot. AMD Ryzen™ 9 3900X desktop processors from the AMD 3000 series are the most advanced desktop processors in the world for elite gamers. The biggest hurdle with Ryzen 9 3900X is its massive heat output that managed to overwhelm our 240 mm AIO watercooling, even with slightly reduced voltages. I'd like to get a second opinion from anyone running a quality AIO or custom loop. For this we just need a pic from the other angle to see the fans. edit : by both, I mean in bios's you'll usually see performance boost in multiple places under settings and they appear to have independent flags even though they're labeled the same. With just 47mm height and adhering to the standard ATX/mITX keep out zone, there’s almost no case this cooler won’t fit into. Based on the 754 watt figure, BTUs/hr = (754 watts * 3600) / 1054 = 2577 BTUs per hour, per server. azngreentea01. It would be really cool for someone to test this out and measure the performance difference, if I didn't have to drain my loop and refill it, I would definitely give it a go today. Share this page. In the words of Der8auer, the new chips possibly have hotspots, I assume the cpu chiplets. In my mobo settings I put the PBO thermal throttle temp to 90c, so when running Prime95 small FFTs it starts out at 4.1GHz and then as the temp reaches 88c it smoothly throttles down to 3975MHz and seemingly stabilizes there. @r72019 @GTS81 GPU: As @r72019 mentioned, non-blower style fans will risk circulating that 250W of heat in the chassis.. A full length graphics card and a closed PSU swing out confrabulator essentially cuts the case in half front-to-back. I'm aware of possible air bubble problems so I'm skeptical myself. That said, heat is an important factor and the more power a CPU requires, the more heat it outputs. Besides, it also supports a display port of 1.3 bandwidth and 1.4 HDMI ports. - Page 2. The AMD Ryzen 9 3900X is a 12-core, 24-thread beast of a processor, and should definitely be on your wishlist. So I turned on PBO, set the PBO scalar to 10 (max) AND applied a -0.1V offset. Corsair H115i RGB Pro (in front of the case with intake), 1) Installed the updated drivers from AMD for my 450 chipset (now see Ryzen settings in power options), 2) Manually set my clock speed to 4.2GHz on all cores at 1.25v (which brought the temps down, but COD crashed a bunch). Available in 71 colour shades. I am not wrong, you definitely need to watch that video if you are going to suggest AIO orientation. Available in 71 colour shades. Can anyone help, please? Miniboss Mark as New; Bookmark; Subscribe; Subscribe to RSS Feed; Permalink; Print; Email to a Friend; Report Inappropriate Content 07-13-2020 10:31 AM. Didn't happen with my 3900x and NH-D15 when I tested, they were gone only at the center, not at all about 5mm from the edges and only partially near the cpu chiplets. It becomes quiet. For example, the 9900K which has a reputation of being an inferno, has theoretical intensity of ~1.15W/mm² when operating at 5.0GHz (200W @ 174mm²).Meanwhile Matisse can easily reach intensity of > 1.5W/mm² (120W+ @ 74mm²). General Hardware . I ordered another power supply too. Read our AMD Ryzen 9 3900X review to find out why. 1st impressions are not that good, I remember when NFS used to … Printable View. Although the heat output is directly measured, the chemical output cannot be directly interpreted, as the heat transfer due to the heat flow technique principle is not constant and does not remain stable (See previous section). This website uses cookies. 01-03-2020, 06:41 AM. Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts, R7 3700x | x470 C7H | RX 6800 | 16GB 3200MHz CL16, AMD - 3600x @ 4.4ghz , 5700xt Anniversary. I'm on the Crosshair VII Hero which only has 1.0.0.2 AGESA atm. If possible, get a PSU of 700 watts or better. It is the best choice for those who want to build a video editing PC, a system for 3D rendering, or workstations for Adobe After Effects. So, you do not have to worry much about it. The TDP is a rather tame estimation of the heat output of the processors when it comes to Intel. #Noctua #CorsairH100X #Ryzen9 I changed the Corsair ML120 premium fans on the Corsair H100X AIO to a couple of Noctua NF-F12 Chromax 1500rpm fans. AVX workloads probably need a lot more voltage than non-AVX. Would it be beneficial to rotate the block 180 degrees, so the water flows from "center" to "down" on the block? This lessens the burden on your cooler, even when you are running … Idle temps bounce between 33C and 44C at 1.3V clocked at 4.4GHz. Speaking of pressure, the extended heatpipe, PCIe steel armor, the M.2 … Enthusiast In response to Vadim Mikhailov. It is best to be horizontal. AMD Ryzen™ 9 3900X. The biggest hurdle with Ryzen 9 3900X is its massive heat output that managed to overwhelm our 240 mm AIO watercooling, even with slightly reduced voltages. Built to Perform. Power mode PLUS for +10% increased heating power output (from 3,500 W to 3,900 W and from 5,000 W to 5,500 W) Ventilation mode to provide fresh and cool air to cabins on a hot day Control Element: Model Air Top Evo 5500 Air Top Evo 3900 Air Top 2000 ST DIY Kits 5001461A (12 V) 5001465A (24 V) 5001450A (12 V) 5001457A (24 V) 5000699C (12 V) DIY Kits without Ducting 5001462A (12 V) … 0 Helpful Reply. Edit: i never had any liquid cooling, just thought this would be a valid reference point. The heat loss of the power supply unit does not occur in the spotlight, but in the separate LED transformer. Welcome to /r/AMD — the subreddit for all things AMD; come talk about Ryzen, Threadripper, EPYC, Navi, the next-gen consoles, news, rumours, show-off your build and more. It's rated at 105W and will kick out a decent amount of heat… I finished building my custom loop for my 3900X just over a couple ago and the temps are a bit disconcerting. I dont have an AM4 watercooled, so I cant help much more. However it will only do 4.1GHz in those all core AVX workloads. Peak temperature while stressing the CPU with CPU-Z is about 72C, and repeated runs of cinebench r20 can get the cpu up to 80C. However, this gain cannot go up 4-5 degrees. 6; Next. At the start of CES 2019, AMD is showing the Ryzen Mobile 3000 alias Picasso, with which the manufacturer made it into many notebooks. The intelligent power levels used by the Tomahawk have a current and temperature monitoring and are of … In order to ensure the processor doesn't overheat with heavy multi-threaded loads, we used the same CPU voltage as in our original 3900X review: 1.225 V. While that is quite low, it's the best we can do with the 240 mm AIO. It’s more than capable of handling that heat output. CPU-Z stress (17.01.64) hits 72C; repeated runs of R15 hits 75C. But in order to follow rules and keep it on topic I personally, having once owned the beloved 3900x monster CPU, would have to say that the included cooler is sufficient only for the CPU with out turning on PBO/PB2 functionality. The rest would run fine. But you have to know what you're doing. Review of the year 2019 & 2020. I have three 360MM XE 360 radiators with 3000RPM fans attached to them. There is not much more that can be done with such a small case. My question is: If I remember correctly, Ryzen 3000 has the core chiplet(s) on the right side if you hold the CPU upright. Blend FFTs stabilize around 70c for 15 minute runs and that's good enough for me. If your cooling solution can handle a 9900k, then it will definitely be able to handle the 3900x. Didn't take long for the PC to shut itself down. The UPS equipment will provide a heat output to the room (the tech spec does not indicate the amount) can a factor of say 10 - 20% be added to the UPS eletcrical output to estimate the approximate heat contributed to the space? 3900x heat. If noise level and heat output are big concerns of yours, the 9700k does a better job at keeping its temps down. This is wrong. 4) Unfortunate i can't mount the radiator on the top of the case because the memory is in the way. But Intel gave the i9-9900K an edge that helps reign in excessive heat. Fans need to spin up higher to better dissipate the heat. It has a base frequency of 3.8GHz and reaches up to 4.6GHz. AMD Ryzen™ 9 3900X … Prime95 small FFTs would cause the chip to reach 90c after a few minutes, but this workload is just unreasonably hot. So it's a good idea that you wanted to lower the heat output somewhat, this CPU is getting quite hot as it is. thermal throttle. Thing is, These run better at Stock or PBO. There are several factors which can affect this, such as room dimensions, heating levels and types of window, which are all covered in our radiator BTU calculator. It is one of the top-notch processors created for innovative tasks and a versatile processor with top-class performance in gaming, proving rock-solid. He's reaching thermal shutdown in one test and approaching it in another... Hard to call that "perfectly fine"... New comments cannot be posted and votes cannot be cast. The 3900X could be the new CPU king 0 Kudos Share. By using our Services or clicking I agree, you agree to our use of cookies. If you don't, stick to the defaults. The great thing is that these processors deliver exceptional performance at a great cost, too. Are there any updates on a revised jet plate for the HK IV? As for the fans on his AIO, I just want to see if they are pushing or pulling. The 3950X consumed 80 watts and the 1080Ti 250 for a combined power consumption of 330 watts. I've got a 3900x, Bykski block, D5 with a black ice GTS 360 and a bykski 360mm (30mm thick) with arctic P12 fans. Welcome to TechPowerUp Forums, Guest! I wrote too. The AMD Ryzen 9 3900X is a powerful 12-core, 24-thread processor. On competing boards like the Asus TUF Gaming X570-Plus and Gigabyte Aorus Elite, both boards use a dozen Vishay SIC639 50A power levels, which are basic DRMOS components that basically have no current or temperature monitoring. This motherboard is aiming for the high-tiered customers of the society by streamlining their entire aesthetic portfolio. In a front mounted AIO, if you have the tubes from the radiator coming out of the top you are then sucking the air bubbles into the pump and as such creating noise and reducing performance and more importantly reducing it's life. I don't think I'm gonna OC my upcoming 3900X at all, seems like a winner right out of the box. While the overall heat is lower than that of an RBMK core or an i9 9900K, the concentrated heat output over the now reduced surface area makes heat dissipation tricky. Open shopping cart. Issue: at Idle it is around 50c, and while playing a game it's around 70c. Re: My 3900x won't thermal throttle when manually overclocking (under volting). (Maybe this is not the best advice, and feel free to get other opinions.) Meaning you should see temps fall 10% unless your cooling system is still not capable of dissipating the wattage. The 3950X is expected to be thermally limited, as a whole.The biggest limit is the intensity (heat per area), secondly the voltage you can safely feed to the silicon. For the last point, we’ll talk about how power consumption of an R9 3900X might be 120W core and 24W uncore under a 24T workload, ... NOT a measure of heat output. We’ll need to wait for real-world third-party testing to be sure, though. Go. You do the undervolt and you will drop 10% of the heat output compared to stock. The 3950X was still able to remain (relatively) cool at 86 C. Myself and u/EugeneHaroldKrabs would like to know, two months after the chips' launch date. ARUN-T. ARUN-T. We had to lower our voltage over and over again to keep it from overheating when fully loaded on all cores. Next Last. How to find heat dissipation for Cisco 2900 series? Try auto and see what your load temps are like then. Please note: You may need several radiators for bigger rooms. Next, we dialed up the … Better thermals and overall efficiency. These usually have a lower heat output than the 120V variants. I recently put together a Ryzen 9 3900X system with a Gigabyte Aorus X570 Elite Wifi motherboard, 32 GB of G.Skill RipJaws 3600Mhz CL16 RAM, and a Scythe Fuma 2 cooler. Another difference: While the Ryzen 9 3900X features a base clock of 3.8GHz and a boost clock of 4.6GHz (as the single-core max), the Ryzen 9 3950X tunes down the base clock to 3.5GHz, but the boost clock gets … Earlier Ryzen CPU’s were pretty power-hungry. According to FIT, the safe voltage levels for the silicon are around 1.325V in high-current loads, https://www.overclock.net/forum/10-amd-cpus/1728758-strictly-technical-matisse-not-really.html, From this post the 3900X has significantly higher heat density than the 9900K, so even though it can use less power, it will still get incredibly hot because all of the heat is concentrated in tiny areas. under volt. I think it's possible to get good temps with AIO / custom water blocks. Enabling PBO still saw the 3800X run around 2-3 degrees hotter but now it’s only clocking 25-50 MHz higher than the 3700X, so if you want to turn your 3700X into a 3800X, just enable PBO. I am using an Alphacool Eisbaer 360 AIO. To be sure we need to see the fans to make sure the orientation is correct. The location and direction of the fans are important if the graphics card is blowing hot air into the case and the case cover completely covers the side surface. Read our AMD Ryzen 9 3900X review to find out why. In order to further reduce the heat output in the spotlight, 12V low-voltage spots can be used. So there needs to be more than an ideal amount of paste, and that'll slow the heat transfer even more. In this article, we are going to cover in detail the 6 best motherboards for Ryzen 9 3900x in 2020 with a wide range of different options such as mini-ITX and … The headlining >6.0GHz figure comes from the associated .gb5 file raw JSON output data collected during the test run, as VideoCardz explains in its story about Apisak's findings. This is the “heat output range” which can be achieved by the stove. This processor is built with Solder Thermal Interface Material or STIM. I'm sure that it could probably clock higher, but the PBO algorithm still needs tuning. Within just normal idle I could feel slight heat radiating but once you get to full load running game ( War Thunder maxed out ) the heat radiating was extremely noticeable and very hot to the touch. But that’s not the full story. systag.ch. This means that, once installed into a tower case rotated 90° clockwise, the core chiplet on my 3700X is on the lower end of the chip. I set it back to normal and it would clock to 4.25 at boot but raise and lower as needed. The world's most advanced processor 1 with 12 cores for the world's elite gamers. Auto-suggest helps you quickly narrow down your search results by suggesting possible matches as you type. Honestly, as much as it pains me to say it - unless it's throttling somehow or affecting performance... just let the hotspot temps hit 80-90C. So if you were to tweak something, power consumption and heat output would rise dramatically, while not adding much performance. B&H Photo's AMD Ryzen deal see's price drops across Ryzen 5, Ryzen 7, and Ryzen 9 CPUs – save $50 on the Ryzen 9 3900X! It should be horizontal.
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