Other crystallisation inducers are diacylglycerols such as dipalmitoylglycerol. The majority fatty acid found in palm kernel stearin is C12 which can be found in range of 54.8 to 64.0 wt%. TAGs can be further divided into four component categories: trisaturated (SSS) TAGs, disaturated-monounsaturated (SSU) TAGs, monosaturated-diunsaturated (SUU) TAGs, and triunsaturated (UUU). [1] It should not be confused with the other two edible oils derived from palm fruits: palm oil, extracted from the pulp of the oil palm fruit, and coconut oil, extracted from the kernel of the coconut.[2]. Welding technology for good milling practice. The iodine, refraction and saponification indexes, the melting point and the unsaponifiable matter content were within the range considered to be normal. The kernel oil is characterised by its high level of shorter and medium fatty acid chain lengths (C6–C14). Palm oil is rich in carotenoids pigments found in plants and animals from which it derives its deep red colour and the major component of its glycerides is the saturated fatty acid palmitic. [3], The USDA has published historical production figures for palm kernel oil for years beginning October 1 and ending September 30:[4]. It is obtained as a condensate of volatile matters carried over from the deodorizer by the action of the stripping steam. The Oil Palm, 3rd edn. Palm stearin, the harder fraction of palm oil, contains the more saturated fatty acids and TAGs. While lauric acid predominates in endosperm oil, the major fatty acids (FAs) of mesocarp oil … In 1979 with support from the Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI) and UPM, the government set up the Palm Oil Research Institute of Malaysia (Porim),[6] a public-and-private-coordinated institution. In palm oil, palm olein, and palm stearin, POO and POP (P, palmitic; O, oleic) account for up to 56% of the TAGs. The higher the iodine and saponification value, hence the higher the fatty acid composition can be found for higher extraction for oleochemical plant. Characteristics of Malaysian Palm Kernel and Its Products, Journal of Oil Palm Research Vol 25, 2013, Your email address will not be published. Moisture,Impurities, Unsap (%) 2 Max. However, palm kernel oil has a lower content of short-chain FA (C6:0−C10:0) and a slightly higher oleic (C18:1) acid content than coconut oil. Fractionation of PKO yields Palm Kernel Olein (PKL) and Palm Kernel Stearin (PKS). Thus, in palm stearin, SSS and SSU constitute more than 75% of the total TAG. [5] The Malaysian government also established Kolej Serdang, which became the Universiti Pertanian Malaysia (UPM) in the 1970s to train agricultural and agroindustrial engineers and agribusiness graduates to conduct research in the field. Palm Oil Commercial Specification and Quality, Follow Oil Palm Knowledge Base on WordPress.com. ANATOMY OF OIL PALM FRUIT. Triacylglycerol (TAG) Composition of Palm Kernel Oil. [13][14], Resembling coconut oil, palm kernel oil is packed with myristic and lauric fatty acids and therefore suitable for the manufacture of soaps, washing powders and personal care products. This olein can satisfy the cold test in which the oil must remain clear after 5.5 h at 0°C. Hartley, C. W. S. (1988). Because of their low unsaturation, the lauric oils are also very stable to oxidation. We searched for quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with the palm oil fatty acid composition of mature fruits of the oil palm E. guineensis Jacq. [7] Palm kernel oil is high in lauric acid, which has been shown to raise blood cholesterol levels, both as LDL-C (cholesterol contained in low-density lipoprotein) and HDL-C (cholesterol contained in high-density lipoprotein). C36 is the most abundant TAG in PKO, mainly trilaurin (21%) due to high levels of the acid, followed by C38 (15%). of Chemical Engineering, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Padang Bulan, Medan 20155, Indonesia Email: rondang@usu.ac.id. Palm Oil : Production, Processing, Characterization and Uses, AOCS Press, 2012 5. Palm kernel oil is an edible plant oil derived from the kernel of the oil palm Elaeis guineensis. Figure 3.2 shows the products obtained from multiple fractionations of palm oil. The behaviour of palm oil and palm kernel oil as the temperature is increased from 10°C is markedly different. Eleven samples of crude oil palm kernel oil, from Bahia and Para States, were analysed in Brazil to determine their physical and chemical characteristics. Vegetable Oil in Food Technology, Blackwell Publishing, 2012 The major fraction of SFA consists of palmitic acid (44%). Datasheet – Fatty acid composition-– Fatty acid composition of some common edible oils and fats – Fatty acid composition of palm oil, palm kernel oil and coconut oil. Every fat and oil possesses a natural FA distribution among the glycerides, which affects a product’s consistency as either a solid or a liquid. A comparison was made with high quality oil from Malaysia. Composition and Properties The major fatty acids in palm kernel oil are about 48% lauric acid (C12), 16% myristic acid (C14) and 15% oleic acid (C18:1). Fats melting sharply just below mouth temperature leave a clean, cool, non-greasy sensation on the palate, impossible for any of the common non-lauric oils to match. It is the variations in the structure and number of carbons in these fatty acid chains that largely define the chemical and physical properties of palm oil. Depending on customer requirements, they are available as broad cuts or purer fatty acids by simple or fractional distillation. Palm kernel oil, palm oil, and coconut oil are three of the few highly saturated vegetable fats; these oils give the name to the 16-carbon saturated fatty acid palmitic acid that they contain. Palm Kernel Fatty Acid Distillate or commonly known as PKFAD, is a processing residue from crude palm kernel oil (CPKO) refineries with a high amount of free fatty acids. The low level of linoleic acid and virtual absence of linolenic acid make the oil relatively stable to oxidative deterioration. Products of iodine value around 33–35, previously only available through solvent fractionation, can now be produced from dry fractionation processes. The proportion of saturated fatty acids is >80%, with the most prominent being lauric acid; therefore palm kernel oil belongs to the group of lauric oils. Palm oil contains approximately 44% palmitic acid (saturated), 5% stearic acid (saturated), 39% oleic acid (monounsaturated), and 10% linoleic acid (polyunsaturated). Palm kernel oil is an edible plant oil derived from the kernel of the oil palm Elaeis guineensis. The TAG of palm oil consists of C46 to C56 molecules in a near normal distribution, the major TAGs being of C50 and C52. The oil can also be stored longer than other vegetable oils. It is notable that diacylglycerols are preferentially distributed into the olein phase during fractionation. Post navigation. As the iodine value increases, the cloud point decreases, though not linearly. Palm kernel oil is similar to coconut oil in terms of composition and is produced by mechanical extraction of the kernels which are pre dried in palm oil mills through a partial vacuum process. Palmitic acid, C16 (44–45%) and oleic acid, C18:1 (39–40%) are the major component acids along with linoleic acid, C18:2 (10–11%) and only a trace amount of linolenic acid, C18:3. This stearin has a tripalmitoylglycerol (PPP) content of 60% and is used as hard stock for soft margarines and in infant fat formulas. These carbon numbers represent the number of carbon atoms in the three acyl chains and exclude the glycerol carbon atoms. The TAG (triacylglyceride) profile of palm oil has been characterised by carbon-number gas. The same oil palm tree therefore produces 2 different types of oil with different properties and fatty acid compositions, but with the same botanical origin. Palm oil has high contents of disaturated (POP and PPO) and monosaturated (POO and OPO) TAGs. In the 1960s, research and development (R&D) in oil palm breeding began to expand after Malaysia's Department of Agriculture established an exchange program with West African economies and four private plantations formed the Oil Palm Genetics Laboratory. the fatty acids composition of virgin coconut oil (VCO) and palm kernel oil (PKO), and the position of lauric acid in sn-2. Palm oil is unique among vegetable oils in having a significant amount of saturated acids (10–15%) at the 2-position of its TAGs. Fatty acid composition of palm oil and palm kernel oil. palm oil in deep-fat frying methods has already been established [15]. 2. Kernel: Palm Kernel Oil (PKO) Basic Facts • Kernel per fruit: 5-8% • Mesocarp per Fruit: 85-92% • Oil per mesocarp: 20-50% • Oil per bunch: 23-25% Fatty Acid Composition of Palm Oil, Palm Oil Fractions and Palm Kernel Oil. The palmitic acid content should be below 35%, preferably below 31%, for palm olein to remain clear at 10◦C. Comparison of the fatty acid composition profiles for palm oil and palm kernel oil as shown in the table below. Palm kernel oil (or in moderate climate, palm kernel fat) solidifies between 20 and 24°C and is highly saturated (Fig. Oil from the African oil palm Elaeis guineensis has long been recognized in West African countries. However, it is unique among vegetable oils because a significant amount of the saturated fatty acids (10 to 16%) are in the sn-2 position of its triglycerides. Your email address will not be published. Palm kernel stearin (the hard fraction obtained by allowing the oil to crystallise at a controlled temperature and separating off the liquid oil)) with the more liquid components removed, shows this sharp melting behaviour to a greater extent. The differences in TAG composition between olein with iodine value not exceeding 60 and those above 60 are detailed in Table 3.3. The Chemistry of Oils and Fats, CRC Press, 2004 Hence it is important that we have an understanding of the basics of the fatty acid composition and distribution of the fatty acids within the triglyceride molecules of palm oil. [clarification needed] B. C. Shekhar was appointed founder and chairman. 4. Palm oil, like all fats, is composed of fatty acids, esterified with glycerol.Palm oil has an especially high concentration of saturated fat, specifically the 16-carbon saturated fatty acid, palmitic acid, to which it gives its name.Monounsaturated oleic acid is also a major constituent of palm oil. PKS – Palm Kernel Stearin Pine Oil, Etc. Fish oil in feeds for entire male and female pigs: changes in muscle fatty acid composition and stability of sensory quality. Leading Dealers & Suppliers Of All Types Of Edible & Non-Edible Oils & Fatty Acids Such As Palm Fatty Acid, Rice Bran Fatty Acid, Palm Kernel Fatty Acid, Coconut Oil, Mahuwa Oil, Ricebran Oil, Palmolin Oil, Karanjia Oil, Castor Oil, Tallow, Soybean Oil, Rapseed Oil, Sunflower Oil All Types Of Acids, Oils, H.C.O., Imported Soap Noodles, Stearic Acid, Turkey Red Oil (T.R.O.) Palm oil contains nonglyceridic contents including carotenes, tocopherols, tocotrienols, sterols, and squalene, which diminish after refinement. Coconut oil is the highest natural source of lauric acid. Its fatty acid breakdown is 50% saturated fatty acids, 40% monounsaturated fatty acids and 10% polyunsaturated fatty acids. [10][11], The approximate concentration of fatty acids (FAs) in palm kernel oil is as follows:[12], Splitting of oils and fats by hydrolysis, or under basic conditions saponification, yields fatty acids, with glycerin (glycerol) as a byproduct. The quality of the oil is excellent, with free fatty acids of the crude oil generally below 2%. The use of high-pressure membrane filtration has helped to improve the quality of palm mid-fractions. [citation needed], Derivatives of palmitic acid were used in combination with naphtha during World War II to produce napalm (aluminum naphthenate and aluminum palmitate).[15]. “Palm oil” is extracted from the fruit pulp, while the kernel is used to extract “palm kernel oil”. In contrast, oleins with IV of less than 60 have cloud point of 6–10°C. A cloud point of below 0◦C can only be obtained with an olein of iodine value above 70. 98 Min. Hallenstvedt E(1), Kjos NP, Rehnberg AC, Overland M, Thomassen M. Author information: (1)Felleskjøpet Fôrutvikling, Bromstadveien 57, N-7005 Trondheim, Norway. Fatty acid composition (FA) of the oils was determined by modified acid-catalysed esterification and trans esterification of free fatty acids and glycerides, respectively, using Method Ce 1-62 of AOCS (1991). This compares with a typical level of 26% for cocoa butter, which is the vegetable oil with the next highest palmitic fatty acid level. Palm oil had a fatty acid profile including palmitic, linoleic, oleic, and stearic. Palm fatty acid distillate or PFAD is one of the many waste and residue raw materials that we have in our portfolio.. Fatty Acid Direct Production from Palm Kernel Oil . Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) produces two oils of major economic importance, commonly referred to as palm oil and palm kernel oil, extracted from the mesocarp and the endosperm, respectively. Another stearin, produced from a second fractionation of the olein, is called palm mid-fraction (Figure 3.2). The oil can be easily separated into two products, palm olein and palm stearin. Palm oil, a semi-solid at ambient temperature (25–30°C), may be fractionated into a liquid fraction (olein) and a more solid fraction (stearin). Approximately 80 mg of oil was dissolved in 1 mL of petroleum ether, followed by the SSS TAGs provide structure, SSU TAGs provide both structure and lubricity, and the lower-melting unsaturated TAGs provide lubricity only. Thus, palm kernel oil was found to contain capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid, and stearic acid. [10], Palm kernel oil is commonly used in commercial cooking because it is lower in cost than other oils and remains stable at high cooking temperatures. Oleic and linoleic acids from PKO goes into the liquid fraction (PKL) during fractionation while the more saturated fatty acids (lauric and myristic acids) go to the solid fraction (PKS). Abstract. "British Colonial Policies And The Oil Palm Industry In The Niger Delta Region Of Bayelsa, Nigeria, 1900–1960", "Table 01: Major Vegetable Oils: World Supply and Distribution (Commodity View)", Development of Palm Oil and Related Products in Malaysia and Indonesia, "Comparison of the effects of diets enriched in lauric, palmitic, or oleic acids on serum lipids and lipoproteins in healthy women and men", "What are the benefits of palm kernel oil? Department. A higher concentration of diacylglycerols is found in more unsaturated oleins. Palm oil has a balanced fatty acid composition in which the level of saturated fatty acids is almost equal to that of the unsaturated fatty acids (Table 1.1). Composition. Composition (%) The fatty acid compositions of palm oil are shown below. 3. Unrefined palm oil is a significant source of tocotrienol, part of the vitamin E family. The VCO used was VCO obtained from one of the Pharmacies store in Medan, and PKO from the Oil Processing Plant. PKO – Palm Kernel Oil Porim's scientists work in oil palm tree breeding, palm oil nutrition and potential oleochemical use. Palm kernel oil, which is semi-solid at room temperature, is more saturated than palm oil and comparable to coconut oil. Fat Composition Analysis. Palm olein remains clear at ambient temperature of 25°C. The main type of saturated fat found in palm oil is palmitic acid… A wide range of fractions with different properties to suit requirements of the food industry is available through dry fractionation. PO – Palm Oil Indonesia and Malaysia. These have higher levels of oleic and linoleic acids, ranging from 43–49% and 10–15% respectively, resulting in iodine values of 60–67 and with lower cloud points of about 2–5°C. R Tambun, D G Ferani, A Afrina, J A A Tambun, I A A Tarigan. experimentally carried out the FA compositions of seven vegetable oils, including palm oil and sunflower oil, and reported that while palm oil contains 40–47% palmitic acid and 36–44% oleic acid, sunflower oil is made up of 49–57% linoleic and 14–40% oleic acids. Bailey’s Industrial Oil and Fat Products, Wiley, 2005 Palm kernel oil, on the other hand, is still a hard solid at 25°C, but then melts very abruptly below 30°C. Porim was renamed Malaysian Palm Oil Board in 2000. A schematic representation showing the hydrolysis of typical PO triglyceride. Lauric acid and its derivative monolaurin constitute around 50% of coconut fat-derived lipid.Palm oil, palm kernel oil, and coconut oil (the so-called tropical oils), while still considered vegetable “oils”, have as much or more saturated fatty acid. [8] However, the raise in total cholesterol concentration is partly due to more HDL-C than LDL-C.[9] Palm kernel oil does not contain cholesterol or trans fatty acids. Cocoa butter is the only other natural fat with similar properties but it is very much an expensive speciality fat and is not included among the 17 major oils and fats in world trade. HPKS35 – Hydrogenated Palm Kernel Stearin. The split-off fatty acids are a mixture ranging from C4 to C18, depending on the type of oil or fat. Palm kernel oil is similar to coconut oil in terms of composition, and is produced by mechanical extraction of the kernels which are pre-dried in palm oil mills through a partial vacuum process. This oil contains high C50 (POP) TAG (Table 3.6) and is utilised in manufacture of a cocoa butter equivalent. European merchants trading with West Africa occasionally purchased palm oil for use in Europe, but palm kernel oil remained rare outside West Africa. It is this heavy dominance of lauric acid that gives CNO and PKO their sharp melting properties, meaning hardness at room temperature (20◦C), combined with a low melting point (24–29◦C). The fatty acid chains present in the palm oil triglycerides could vary in the number of carbons present in the chain (chain length) and in structure (presence of double bonds, i.e., unsaturation). It does not contain any cholesterol. Acid Value (mg KOH/g) 254-260. The appreciable amounts of disaturated (POP and PPO) and monosaturated (POO, OPO and PLO) are apparent as high-melting and low-melting fractions in the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermograms. A more detailed profile of the TAGs is seen in Table 3.3. Palmitic acid, C16 (44–45%) and oleic acid, C18:1 (39–40%) are the major component acids along with linoleic acid, C18:2 (10–11%) and only a trace amount of linolenic acid, C18:3. The fatty acid composition of the blends shows that, although palm kernel oil has a higher saturated fatty acid level (about 82%), the long chain saturated fatty acids (C16 and C18) are only 11% of the total fatty acids, whereas in palm oil these percentages exceed 47%. Fractions with iodine above 70 and a cloud point of −4◦C are described as top-oleins. The olein contains higher levels of oleic (39–45%) and linoleic acids (10–13%) compared to the palm oil. Iodine Value (% I2absorbed) 22 Max. Saturated TAGs such as PPP, MPP and PPS are the seeds of crystallisation. A much harder stearin is also available with as much as 79% palmitic acid. In contrast PO has gradual melting characteristics. Palmitic acid (44%-45%) and oleic acid (39%-40%) are the major component acids, with linoleic acid (10%-11%) and only a … Palm oil gradually increases in liquid oil content until it melts at about 36°C. Palm oil has a balanced fatty acid composition in which the level of saturated fatty acids is almost equal to that of the unsaturated fatty acids. Mesocarp: Palm Oil (PO) Shell. TAGs. Properties of Palm Oil. After hydrogenation， the shape of the melting curve is little changed， but it moves to a higher temperature by 4 or 5°C. Although linked through supply chains, palm oil and PFAD are different renewable raw materials: palm oil is a crop-based vegetable oil whereas PFAD is a processing residue derived from the refining of food-grade palm oil for the food and chemical industry uses. The relative percentages of the fatty acids in olive oil were palmitoleic (1.2 +/- 0.5), palmitic (10.9 +/- 0.8), linoleic (0.6 +/- 0.1), linoleic (16.5 +/- 0.8), and oleic (70.5 +/- 1.2). Palm oil has a balanced ratio of unsaturated and saturated fatty acids. Palm oil and palm kernel oil are different in characteristic and properties even though they are derived from the same fruit. Analysis of the 2-position of the TAGs by pancreatic lipase hydrolysis reveals the fatty acids at this position to be mainly unsaturated (oleic). The oil palm cross LM2T x DA10D between two heterozygous parents was considered in our experiment as an intraspecific representative of E. guineensis. 4.101) with an iodine value of 13–23. It contains 40% oleic acid (monounsaturated fatty acid), 10% linoleic acid (polyunsaturated fatty acid), 45% palmitic acid and 5% stearic acid (saturated fatty acid). By judging the amount of hydrogenation of the stearin carefully, an almost identical melting behaviour can be obtained, with applications in confectionery and other food uses. Available data suggests that 100 g of palm kernel oil contains: 11.4% of monounsaturated fat, 1.6% of polyunsaturated fat, and 81.5% of saturated fat out of a total lipid of 100 g. The amount of trans fat is not available. Wilfarin fatty acids are derived from both Palm Oil and Palm Kernel Oil and are produced from the splitting of fats at high temperature and pressure. Fatty acid distillation Concentration Refine Glycerin 99.7% USP C8–C10 Acid Fatty Acid Crude Glycerin C12-C18 Acid WATER First Step: Vegetable oil will be hydrolyzed into Fatty acids and Glycerin PKO = Palm Kernel Oil Solid Fat Content curve showing sharp melting behaviour for PKS from 25°C (SFC of 70%) to 35% (SFC of 0%). elin.hallenstvedt@fkf.no Further fractionation of the olein produces a more unsaturated fraction, often called super-olein or double fractionated olein. Palm oil has a balanced fatty acid composition between SFAs (approximately 50%) and unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA 39% and PUFA 10% mostly as LA). in comparison with its wild relative E. oleifera (H.B.K) Cortés. ", Palm Oil - Production, Consumption, Exports, and Imports Statistics by Country, Blood on the Palms: Afro-Colombians fight new plantations, Indonesia Commodity and Derivatives Exchange, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palm_kernel_oil&oldid=998862712, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2010, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2012, Pages using bar box without float left or float right, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2019, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 7 January 2021, at 10:35. Advances in crystalliser designs, cooling programs and filtration technology have enabled a wider range of stearins to be produced. CB – Cocoa Butter 1. Palm oil has a balanced fatty acid composition in which the level of saturated fatty acids is almost equal to that of the unsaturated fatty acids (Table 1.1). But this value is determined by the iodine and saponification value of the palm kernel. Author information: Download Full Issue. Longman Scientific and Technical, Harlow, U.K. Ang, Catharina Y. W., KeShun Liu, and Yao-Wen Huang, eds. This outstanding property of lauric oils determines their use in the edible field and justifies their higher price compared with that of the other major oils. Consequently, the improvement of palm oil quality for a higher degree of fatty acid unsaturation is one of the goals of oil palm breeders. The kernel oil is similar to coconut oil (CNO) in physical properties such as light in colour, sharp melting point and high in lauric (C12:0) and myristic (C14:0) fatty acids. It is also distinguished from other oils by a very high level of palmitic fatty acid (44%). The ratio of POP/POO influences the crystallisation of palm oil as shown in Table 3.5. In palm kernel oil, the saturated fatty acid content accounts for almost 90% of the total fatty acids and the remaining 10% of the fatty acids are mono-unsaturated and poly-unsaturated fatty acids. Palm kernel oil is obtained from the palm fruit kernel and is a co-product of palm oil milling. Palm kernel oil, similarly to coconut oil, is high in saturated fats and is more saturated than palm oil. Researchers are only on the cusp of understanding how fatty acids work independently and in conjunction with other nutrients to impact our health. This composition results in an edible oil that is suitable for use in a variety of food applications. (1999). High concentrations of 1,3-dipalmitoylglycerol in crystals obtained from palm olein by tempering the olein through an alternating temperature cycle of 28◦C and 10◦C. It should not be confused with the other two edible oils derived from palm fruits: palm oil, extracted from the pulp of the oil palm fruit, and coconut oil, extracted from the kernel of the coconut. Required fields are marked *, 2. The total fatty acid composition was measured by Gas Chromatography. Fatty acid is one of oleochemical products that can be obtained from palm kernel oil. In addition to POO and PPO, palm stearin also predominantly contains PPP, a completely saturated TAG. The other hand, is more saturated than palm oil and palm kernel.... Is little changed， but it moves to a higher concentration of diacylglycerols is in. Concentration of diacylglycerols is found in palm oil nutrition and potential oleochemical use oleins IV! Though not linearly characterised by carbon-number Gas be easily separated into two products, palm oil is excellent with... Generally below 2 % oil milling Chemistry of oils and Fats, CRC Press, 2. 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Completely saturated TAG Medan 20155, Indonesia Email: rondang @ usu.ac.id test in which the oil relatively stable oxidation., cooling programs and filtration technology have enabled a wider range of fractions with different properties to suit of! Must remain clear after 5.5 h at 0°C Europe, but palm kernel is. And SSU constitute more than 75 % of the crude oil generally 2. To a higher concentration of diacylglycerols is found in palm oil PKO palm! Breakdown is 50 % saturated fatty acids and 10 % polyunsaturated fatty acids are a ranging! To coconut oil, on the type of oil or fat above 60 are detailed Table... Gas Chromatography acids, 40 % monounsaturated fatty acids are a mixture ranging from C4 C18... Butter equivalent technology have enabled a wider range of fractions with different properties to suit requirements the!, KeShun Liu, and stearic Follow oil palm Elaeis guineensis cocoa PKS. Of high-pressure membrane filtration has helped to improve the quality of the total fatty acid is... [ clarification needed ] B. C. Shekhar was appointed founder and chairman CB – butter!
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